Varicose Veins

Source: Wikipedia  

Varicose veins are veins that have become enlarged and twisted. The term commonly refers to the veins on the leg, although varicose veins occur elsewhere. Veins have leaflet valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards (retrograde). Leg muscles pump the veins to return blood to the heart. When veins become enlarged, the leaflets of the valves no longer meet properly, and the valves don't work. The blood collects in the veins and they enlarge even more. Varicose veins are common in the superficial veins of the legs, which are subject to high pressure when standing. Besides cosmetic problems, varicose veins are often painful, especially when standing or walking. They often itch, and scratching them can cause ulcers. Serious complications are rare. Non-surgical treatments include sclerotherapy, elastic stockings, elevating the legs, and exercise. The traditional surgical treatment is vein stripping to remove the affected veins. Newer surgical treatments are less invasive but have not been tested as thoroughly. Since most of the blood in the legs is returned by the deep veins, and the superficial veins only return about 10%, they can be removed without serious harm.[1][2] Varicose veins are distinguished from reticular veins (blue veins) and telangiectasias (spider veins) which also involve valvular insufficiency,[3] by the size and location of the veins.

Symptoms

• Aching, heavy legs (often worse at night and after exercise)
• Ankle swelling
• A brownish-blue shiny skin discoloration around the veins
• Skin over the vein may become dry, itchy and thin, leading to eczema (venous eczema)
• The skin may darken (stasis dermatitis), because of the waste products building up in the legs
• Minor injuries to the area may bleed more than normal and/or take a long time to heal
• Rarely, there is a large amount of bleeding from a ruptured vein
• In some people the skin above the ankle may shrink (lipodermatosclerosis) because the fat underneath the skin becomes hard.
• Restless Leg Syndrome[4]. Restless Leg Syndrome appears to be a common overlapping clinical syndrome in patients with varicose veins and other chronic venous insufficiency.
  

Complications

Most varicose veins are relatively benign, but severe varicosities can lead to major complications, due to the poor circulation through the affected limb.

• Pain, heaviness, inability to walk or stand for long hours thus hindering work
• Skin conditions / Dermatitis which could predispose skin loss
• Bleeding : life threatening bleed from injury to the varicose vein
• Ulcer : non healing varicose ulcer could threaten limb amputation.
• Development of carcinoma or sarcoma in longstanding venous ulcers. There have been over 100 reported cases of malignant transformation and the rate is reported as 0.4% to 1%.[5]
• Coagulation of blood in varicose veins cause superficial thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), Pulmonary Embolism (PE) & could precipitate stroke in the rare case of predisposed individuals (that is, patients with patent foramen ovale).
  

Causes

Varicose veins are more common in women than in men, and are linked with heredity[6]. Other related factors are pregnancy, obesity, menopause, aging, prolonged standing, leg injury and abdominal straining. Varicose veins are bulging veins that are larger than spider veins, typically 3 mm or more in diameter.

Non-surgical treatment

Elevating the legs provides relief. "Advice about regular exercise sounds sensible but is not supported by any evidence." [7] The wearing of graduated compression stockings with a pressure of 30–40 mmHg has been shown to correct the swelling, nutritional exchange, and improve the microcirculation in legs affected by varicose veins.[8] They also often provide relief from the discomfort associated with this disease. Caution should be exercised in their use in patients with concurrent arterial disease.

The symptoms of varicose veins can be controlled to an extent with either of the following:

• anti-inflammatory medication such as ibuprofen or aspirin can be used as part of treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis along with graduated compression hosiery. -- but there is a risk of intestinal bleeding.[citation needed] In extensive superficial thrombophlebitis, consideration should be given to anti-coagulation, thrombectomy or sclerotherapy of the involved vein.
• Diosmin 95 is a dietary supplement distributed in the U.S. by Nutratech, Inc. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not approve dietary supplements, but concluded that there was an "inadequate basis for reasonable expectation of safety." [9]
  

Sclerotherapy is used for telangiectasias (spider veins) and varicose veins that persist or recur after vein stripping [10] [11]. Sclerotherapy can also be performed using microfoam sclerosants under ultrasound guidance to treat larger varicose veins, including the greater and short saphenous veins.[12][13] A study by Kanter and Thibault in 1996 reported a 76% success rate at 24 months in treating saphenofemoral junction and great saphenous vein incompetence with STS 3% solution.[14] A Cochrane Collaboration review[15] concluded sclerotherapy was better than surgery in the short term (1 year) for its treatment success, complication rate and cost, but surgery was better after 5 years, although the research is weak.[16] A Health Technology Assessment found that sclerotherapy provided less benefit than surgery, but is likely to provide a small benefit in varicose veins without reflux. [17] Complications of sclerotherapy are rare but can include blood clots and ulceration. Anaphylactic reactions are "extraordinarily rare but can be life-threatening," and doctors should have a resuscitation cart ready [18]. There has been 1 reported case of stroke after ultrasound guided sclerotherapy when very a large dose of sclerosant foam was injected.

Surgical treatment

Some doctors favor traditional open surgery, while others prefer newer methods. Newer methods for treating varicose veins, such as Endovenous Laser Treatment, radiofrequency ablation, and foam sclerotherapy are not as well studied, especially in the longer term.[19] Open surgery has been performed for over a century. Complications include deep vein thrombosis (5.3%)[20], pulmonary embolism (0.06%), and wound complications including infection (2.2%).

Favoring newer methods, Almeida[21] cited two prospective randomized trials which found speedier recovery and fewer complications after radiofrequency obliteration. [22][23]. Myers[24] wrote that open surgery for small saphenous vein reflux is obsolete. (The great saphenous vein is the vein that runs along the inside of the leg from ankle to groin; the small saphenous vein is the vein that runs along the back of the calf.) Myers said these veins should be treated with endovenous techniques, citing high recurrence rates after surgical management, and risk of nerve damage up to 15%. In comparison, radiofrequency ablation has control in 80% of cases of small saphenous vein reflux at 4 years, said Myers.

Endovenous laser and radiofrequency ablation require specialized training for doctors and expensive equipment. Doctors must use ultrasound during the procedure to see what they are doing. Follow-up treatment to smaller branch varicose veins is often needed in the weeks after the initial procedure. Some practitioners also perform traditional surgery at the time of endovenous treatment.

Complications for radiofrequency ablation include bruising, burns, paraesthesia, clinical phlebitis, and slightly higher rates of deep vein thrombosis (0.57%) and pulmonary embolism (0.17%). Complications for endovenous laser treatment also include brusing (24%-100%), burns (4.8%), paraesthesia (1%-36.5%), and induration along the length of the saphenous vein (55-100%).

Another concern in varicose vein surgery is the recurrence rate. For traditional surgery, reported recurrence rates, which have been tracked for 10 years, range from 5-60%. Because the new treatments haven't been studied that long, their recurrence rates aren't known that well. One 3-year study compared radiofrequency, with a recurrence rate of 33%, to open surgery, which had a recurrence rate of 23%. The longest study of endovenous laser ablation is 39 months.

Footnotes

   1. ^ Merck Manual Home Edition, 2nd ed.[1]
   2. ^ NHS Direct[2]
   3. ^ Weiss R A, Weiss M A, Doppler Ultrasound Findings in Reticular Veins of the Thigh Subdermic Lateral Venous System and Implications for Sclerotherapy, Journal of Derm Surg Onc, Vol 19 No 10 (Oct 1993) p947-951.
   4. ^ Schul M., McDonagh B., Guptan R.C. (2005). "High Prevalence Of Restless Leg syndrome In Patients With Chronic Venous Insufficiency." RLS & varicose veins
   5. ^ Goldman M. Sclerotherapy, Treatment of Varicose and Telangiectatic Leg Veins. Hardcover Text, 2nd Ed, 1995
   6. ^ Ng M, Andrew T, Spector T, Jeffery S (2005). "Linkage to the FOXC2 region of chromosome 16 for varicose veins in otherwise healthy, unselected sibling pairs.". J Med Genet 42 (3): 235-9. PMID 15744037.
   7. ^ BMJ 2006;333:287-292 (5 August), Varicose veins and their management, Bruce Campbell (subscription)
   8. ^ Curri SB et al. Changes of cutaneous microcirculation from elasto-compression in chronic venous insufficiency. In Davy A and Stemmer R, editors: Phlebology '89, Montrouge, France, 1989, John Libbey Eurotext.
   9. ^ New Dietary Ingredients in Dietary Supplements, U. S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling, and Dietary Supplements February 2001 (Updated September 10, 2001) [3], Memorandum [4]
  10. ^ "Veins & Lymphatics," L. K. Pak et al, in Lange's Current Surgical Diagnosis & Treatment, 11th ed., McGraw-Hill,
  11. ^ Tisi PV, Beverley C, Rees A. Injection sclerotherapy for varicose veins. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD001732.
  12. ^ Paul Thibault, Sclerotherapy and Ultrasound-Guided Sclerotherapy, The Vein Book / editor, John J. Bergan, 2007.
  13. ^ Padbury A, Benveniste G L, Foam echosclerotherapy of the small saphenous vein, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Phlebology Vol 8, Number 1 (Dec 2004)
  14. ^ Kanter A, Thibault P. Saphenofemoral junction incompetence treated by ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy, Dermatol Surg. 1996. 22: 648-652.
  15. ^ [5]
  16. ^ Rigby KA, Palfreyman SJ, Beverley C, Michaels JA. Surgery versus sclerotherapy for the treatment of varicose veins. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD004980. [6]
  17. ^ Michaels JA, Campbell WB, Brazier JE, MacIntyre JB, Palfreyman SJ, Ratcliffe J, et al. Randomized clinical trial, observational study and assessment of cost-effectiveness of the treatment of varicose veins (REACTIV trial). Health Technol Assess 2006;10(13). [7] This Health Technology Assessment monograph includes reviews of the epidemiology, assessment, and treatment of varicose veins, as well as a study on clinical and cost effectiveness of surgery and sclerotherapy
  18. ^ William R. Finkelmeier, Sclerotherapy, Ch. 12, ACS Surgery: Principles & Practice, 2004, WebMD (hardcover book)
  19. ^ "Open Surgery Is Still The Best Technique To Ablate The Great Saphenous Vein," Vascular, Vol. 14 (Nov. 2006), Suppl. 1, p. S. 25
  20. ^ van Rij AM et al. Incidence of Deep Venous Thrombosis after Varicose Vein Surgery, Br J Surg 2004 Dec;91(12):1582-5
  21. ^ Jose I. Almeida, "Only trogloytes perform open surgery for varicose vein treatment: Here's why", Vascular, Vol. 14 (Nov. 2006), Suppl. 1, p. S. 27
  22. ^ Rautio, T, et al., Enovenous oblitration versus conventional stripping operation in the treatment of primary varicose veins, J Vasc Surg 2002:35:958-65
  23. ^ Lurie F, et al., Prospective randomized study of endovenous radiofrequency oblitration (closure) versus ligation and vein stripping (EVOLVeS: two-year follow-up. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005;29:67-73
  24. ^ Kenneth Myers, An opinion —surgery for small saphenous reflux is obsolete!" Australian and New Zealand Journal of Phlebology, Vol 8, Number 1 (Dec 2004)